The first installment of this article series discussed the need to verify SPICE model accuracy and how to measure the open- and closed-loop small-signal AC output impedance of operational amplifier ...

One extremely important yet not widely known characteristic of today’s high-performance RF signal analyzers is their use of a range of intermediate frequency (IF) filter bandwidth settings. IF ...

Oscilloscopes are time-domain instruments, but because they digitize waveforms, oscilloscopes can process time-domain signals into the frequency domain. The FFT (Fast Fourier Transform), spectrum ...

From the late 1980s to the early 2000s, the rule of the microwave instrumentation market was simple: “He who makes the best microwave transistors wins.” During this era, test vendors released ...