Digital-system designs require you to consider many core voltages. Memory operates at 1.8V, I 2 C and FPGA devices operate at 3.3V, microcontrollers operate at 5V, and charge-coupled-device image ...

Use of buck-boost circuits in switching-regulator ICs. Considerations in level-shift circuit design. Switching regulators with internal level shifting. The magnitude of the negative voltage generated ...

Electronic equipment uses predominantly positive voltage rails for power; occasionally, some negative voltage rails are also used. For this reason, negative (or inverting) output DC-DC converter ...

Voltage level shifters are pivotal components in modern CMOS integrated circuits, facilitating robust interfacing between domains operating at disparate voltage levels. Recent advancements in this ...

If your introduction to digital electronics came more years ago than you’d care to mention, the chances are you did so with 5V TTL logic. Above 2V but usually pretty close to 5V is a logic 1, below ...

Switching dc-dc power supplies are prolific in today's consumer electronics. Most applications use an input source that provides a positive dc voltage referenced to system ground. These sources often ...