X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is one of the most important and widely used methods for determining surface chemistry of materials. Cryo-XPS, where the sample is cooled to temperatures below ...

Inorganic materials such as metals (e.g., iron, copper), alloys (e.g., steel, brass), and ceramics (e.g., silicon carbide, boron nitride) are often subjected to extensive mechanical and chemical ...